) is an "electrophile," meaning it attracts species that have a spare pair of electrons. These electron-rich species are called . 2. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
Most of the "Reactions of Halogenoalkanes 1" focuses on substitution, where the halogen atom is replaced by a nucleophile. A. Reaction with Aqueous Potassium Hydroxide ( OH−cap O cap H raised to the negative power Conditions: Warm/Reflux Nucleophile: Hydroxide ion ( Product: Alcohol Equation: reactions of halogenoalkanes 1 chemsheets answers exclusive
Heat in a sealed tube (to prevent ammonia gas from escaping) Nucleophile: Ammonia ( Product: Primary Amine ) is an "electrophile," meaning it attracts species
A common question in Chemsheets tasks involves why iodoalkanes react faster than fluoroalkanes. R−X+OH−→R−OH+X−cap R minus cap X plus cap O
R−X+OH−→R−OH+X−cap R minus cap X plus cap O cap H raised to the negative power right arrow cap R minus cap O cap H plus cap X raised to the negative power B. Reaction with Potassium Cyanide ( CN−cap C cap N raised to the negative power KCNcap K cap C cap N in ethanol/water Conditions: Reflux Nucleophile: Cyanide ion ( Product: Nitrile
Reactions of Halogenoalkanes: A Deep Dive into Chemsheets AS 1030 Answers
bond is the most polar, it is also the . Reaction rate is determined by bond enthalpy , not polarity. C-I has the lowest bond enthalpy (weakest bond). C-F has the highest bond enthalpy (strongest bond).